大黑，梵名 Mahākāla，音譯摩訶迦羅、莫訶哥羅、嘛哈噶拉。又作大黑神、大黑天神、摩訶迦羅天。乃佛教之守護神，具有戰鬥神、財福神（廚房神）、冥府神等幾種性格。形像頗多。於密教現圖胎藏界曼荼羅外金剛部中，列於左方第三位，呈現黑色極忿怒相，火髮豎立，三面六臂，正面有三目，左右二面各二目。以髑髏為瓔珞，以蛇為臂釧，趺坐於圓座上。其種子為 （yaj），三昧耶形為劍。大黑天神法載其真言為：唵蜜止蜜止（micch micch，降伏）舍婆隸（śvare，自在）多羅羯帝（taragate，救度）娑婆訶。印度教視之為毘瑟奴（梵 Visnu）之化身，大日經疏卷十以此天為毘盧遮那佛之化身，即降伏「荼吉尼」之忿怒神；良賁之仁王護國般若波羅蜜多經疏卷下一則以之為戰神，乃摩醯首羅（大自在天）之化身，夜遊林間，食人血肉。凡此，蓋皆基於忿怒相而立說。此神由八思巴送入元朝宮廷，成為世祖以下歷代崇奉之神，至明朝後，又輾轉入滿州。
此外，南海寄歸內法傳卷一受齋軌則條則以此神為食廚之神。我國江南一帶，自古以來民間廚房即多祀此神。日本亦沿此風，多於諸寺庫廚安置二臂之大黑天像。〔大集經卷五十五分布閻浮提品、理趣釋卷下、玄法寺儀軌卷下、青龍寺儀軌卷下、慧琳音義卷十、諸說不同記卷十〕（參閱「大自在天」783）
Mahākāla 摩訶迦 (or 謌) 羅 the great black deva 大黑神. Two interpretations are given. The esoteric cult describes the deva as the masculine form of Kālī, i.e. Durgā, the wife of Śiva; with one face and eight arms, or three faces and six arms, a necklace of skulls, etc. He is worshipped as giving warlike power, and fierceness; said also to be an incarnation of Vairocana for the purpose of destroying the demons; and is described as 大時 the "great time" (-keeper) which seems to indicate Vairocana, the sun. The exoteric cult interprets him as a beneficent deva, a Pluto, or god of wealth. Consequently he is represented in two forms, by the one school as a fierce deva, by the other as a kindly happy deva. He is shown as one of the eight fierce guardians with trident, generally blue-black but sometimes white; he may have two elephants underfoot. Six arms and hands hold jewel, skull cup, chopper, drum, trident, elephant-goad. He is the tutelary god of Mongolian Buddhism. Six forms of Mahākāla are noted: (1) 比丘大黑 A black-faced disciple of the Buddha, said to be the Buddha as Mahādeva in a previous incarnation, now guardian of the refectory. (2) 摩訶迦羅大黑女 Kālī, the wife of Śiva. (3) 王子迦羅大黑 The son of Śiva. (4) 眞陀大黑 Cintāmaṇi, with the talismanic pearl, symbol of bestowing fortune. (5) 夜叉大黑 Subduer of demons. (6) 摩迦羅大黑 Mahākāla, who carries a bag on his back and holds a hammer in his right hand. J., Daikoku; M., Yeke-gara; T., Nag-po c'en-po.
（天名）梵語摩訶迦羅Maha%ka%la，譯為大黑天，大黑神。或譯為大時。顯密二教之所說各異。密教謂為大日如來因降伏惡魔示現忿怒藥叉主之形者，或有一面八臂。或有三面六臂。繫人之髑髏以為瓔珞。可畏之相也。故古來以為軍神而祀之。現今印度稱其女體為迦梨Kali^（迦羅之女聲也），以為大自在天之后妃，而盛祀之。新譯仁王經護國品曰：「昔天羅國王有一太子名曰班足，登王位時有外道師名為善施，與王灌頂，乃令班足取千頭王以祀塚間摩訶迦羅大黑天神。」同良賁疏曰：「言塚間者所住處也，言摩訶者此翻為大，言迦羅者此云黑天也。上句梵語，下句唐言。大黑天神，鬥戰神也。若祀彼神增其威德舉事皆勝，故嚮祀也。」金剛恐怖集會方廣儀軌觀自在菩薩三世最勝心明王經曰：「摩訶迦羅天像前，蘇末那搵三甜，護摩三浴叉已。現為使者為成辨一切。」注曰：「大黑天也，披象皮橫把一槍，一頭穿人頭一頭穿羊。」義淨譯孔雀經中曰：「大黑藥叉王，婆羅[病-丙+尼]斯國住。」攝大儀軌二曰：「摩賀迦羅神，曩莫三滿多沒馱喃，摩賀迦羅野，裟[口*縛]賀。」大日經疏十曰：「摩訶迦羅所謂大黑神也，毘盧遮那以降伏三世法門欲除彼（指荼吉尼），故化作大黑神。過於彼無量示現，以灰塗身在曠野中，以術悉召一切法成就乘空履水皆無礙諸荼吉尼而訶責之。猶汝常噉人，故我今復當食汝，即吞噉之。然不令死彼，伏已放之，悉令斷肉。」理趣釋下曰：「七母女天者是摩訶迦羅天眷屬也。（中略）此天等亦有曼荼羅，中央畫摩訶迦羅以七母天圍繞，具如廣經所說。摩訶迦羅者大時義，時謂三世無障礙義，大者是毘盧遮那法身無處不遍，七母女天並梵天母。」慧琳音義十曰：「摩訶迦羅，唐云大黑天神也。有大神力，壽無量千歲，八臂身青黑雲色，二手懷中橫把一三戟叉，右第二手把一青羖羊，左第二手把一餓鬼頭髻，右第三手把劍，左第三手執羯吒罔迦（Khat!va%n!ga）是一髑髏幢也，後二手各於肩上共張一白象皮如披勢，以毒蛇貫穿髑髏以為瓔珞，虎牙上出作大忿怒形，雷電煙火以為威光身形極大，足下有一地神女天，以兩手承足者也。」其他為此天之降魔神而現威靈。見仁王經良賁注下一，佛祖通載三十五。顯教之所傳者以之為施福神。謂祀之，則能得福德。西竺諸寺皆於食廚安置供養之。寄歸傳曰：「西方諸大寺處，或於食廚柱側，或在大庫門前，彫木表形，或二尺三尺為神王狀。坐把全囊，卻踞小床一腳垂地。每將油拭，黑色為形。號曰莫訶歌羅，即大黑神也。古代相承云：是大天之部屬，性愛三寶，護持五眾使無損耗。求者稱情，但至食時廚家每薦香火，所有飲食隨列於前。」是祀為施福神之本據也。##【圖像: 0105.JPG 刪減】
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