地

bhūmi

(Sanskrit). ‘Level’, a term denoting one of a series of stages of spiritual development. Most schools of Buddhism recognize a hierarchical scheme of stages which are passed through, beginning with conversion and the taking up of the religious life, and ending in enlightenment (bodhi). The Hīnayāna has the four stages of the ārya-pudgala or ‘noble person’, and the theory of the bhūmis may be thought of as an outgrowth of this or as an extension of the scheme of progress in the Eightfold Path through morality (śīla), meditation (samādhi), and insight (prajñā). The most popular sequence involves a list of ten bhūmis, although some texts refer only to six or seven. After the first six stages the devotee achieves the realization of personal selflessness (anātman), and after the tenth stage the realization of the selflessness of all phenomena (dharma-śūnyatā). Thus personal liberation, the goal of early Buddhism, is supplemented by Mahāyāna metaphysics with its vision of the ‘higher truth’ of universal selflessness.

The ten bhūmis are described in detail in the Daśabhūmika Sūtra, and become linked to the practice of the Six Perfections (ṣaḍ-pāramitā) as follows. (1) Joyful (pramuditā-bhūmi): a Bodhisattva embarks upon his religious career with the production of the thought of enlightenment (bodhicitta). (2) Pure (vimalā-bhūmi): all immoral conduct and dispositions are eradicated. (3) Luminous (prabhākarī-bhūmi): through meditation the Bodhisattva strengthens and deepens his insight. (4) Brilliant (arciṣmatī-bhūmi): all good qualities are vigorously pursued. (5) Hard to conquer (sudurjayā-bhūmi): the Bodhisattva devotes himself to his own development and to the welfare of others. (6) Facing forward (abhimukhī-bhūmi): great wisdom is attained and insight into the true nature of all phenomena. (7) Going far (dūraṃgamā-bhūmi): the power of skilful means (upāya-kauśalya) is attained. (8) Immoveable (acalā-bhūmi): the possibility of falling back is gone forever. (9) The Good (sādhumatī-bhūmi): the Bodhisattva preaches the doctrine and converts beings. (10) Cloud of the Dharma (dharmameghā-bhūmi): the Bodhisattva reaches full perfection and is consecrated as a fully enlightened Buddha.

A Dictionary of Buddhism, Oxford University Press, 2003, 2004 (which is available in electronic version from answer.com)

bhūmi : [f.] ground; earth; region; stage; plane.

A.P. Buddhadatta Mahathera, Concise Pali-English and English-Pali Dictionary [available as digital version from Metta Net, Sri Lanka]

Bhūmi (f.) [cp. Vedic bhūmi, Av. būmiš soil, ground, to bhū, as in bhavati, cp. Gr. fu/sis etc. See bhavati] 1. (lit.) ground, soil, earth Vin ii.175; Sn 418 (yāna˚ carriage road); Pv i.1014≈; SnA 353 (heṭṭhā -- bhūmiyaŋ under the earth); DhA i.414 (id., opp. upari -- bhūmiyaŋ). -- 2. place, quarter, district, region M i.145 (jāti˚ district of one's birth); Sn 830 (vighāta˚); Nd2 475 (danta˚); DhA i.213 (āpāna˚); PvA 80 (susāna˚). -- uyyāna˚ garden ( -- place or locality) Vv 6419; Pv ii.129; J i.58. -- 3. (fig.) ground, plane, stage, level; state of consciousness, Vin. i.17; Vbh 322 sq.; Vism 126, 442 (with ref. to the 4 Paṭisambhidā, as sekha -- bhūmi & asekha -- bhūmi), 517 (paññā˚ -- niddesa). Usually -- ˚: indriya˚ Nett 192; dassana˚ plane of insight Nett 8, 14, 50; sukha˚ ground for happiness Dhs 984 (cp. DhsA 214). -- bhūmi -- ttaya the 3 stages, viz. kāmâvacara, rūpâvacara, lokuttara Vism 493. -- pl. bhūmiyo Ps ii.205=Vism 384 (appld to the 4 jhānas); purisa˚ (aṭṭha p. bh. eight stages of the individual; viz. manda -- bhūmi, khiḍḍā˚, vīmaŋsana˚, ujugata˚, sekha˚, samaṇa˚, jina˚, panna˚, or as trsld by Rh. D. in Dial. i.72, under "eight stages of a prophet's existence"; babyhood, playtime, trial time, erect time, learning time, ascetic time, prophet time & prostrate time. Cp. the 10 decades of man's life, as given by Bdhgh at Vism 619). -- Bdhgh, when defining the 2 meanings of bhūmi as "mahā -- paṭhavī" and as "cittuppāda" (rise of thought) had in view the distinction between its literal & figurative meaning. But this def. (at DhsA 214) is vague & only popular. -- An old loc. of bhūmi is bhumyā, e. g. J i.507; v.84. Another form of bhūmi at end of cpds. is bhūma (q. v.).
   -- kampa shaking of the ground, earthquake Miln 178. -- gata "gone into the soil," i. e. hiding, stored away J i.375. -- ghana thick soil SnA 149, cp. paṭhavi -- ghana ibid. 146. -- tala ground ( -- surface) PvA 186. -- padesa place or region upon the earth J vi.95. -- pappaṭaka outgrowths in the soil Diii.87=Vism 418. -- pothana beating the ground DhA i.171. -- bhāga division of the earth, district J i.109; v.200; VvA 125; PvA 29, 154. -- laddh'(uppanna) acquired on a certain stage of existence SnA 4. -- saya lying or sleeping on the ground DhA ii.61.

Pali-English Dictionary, TW Rhys Davids, William Stede,

bhūmi: f. 地
 

巴漢辭典 編者：(斗六) 廖文燦

bhūmi: Stage.

Sarvastivada Abhidharma, Sanskrit-English Glossary, by Bhikkhu KL Dhammajoti