The 塗 mire is interpreted by 途 a road, i.e. the three unhappy gati or ways; (a) 火塗 to the fires of hell; (b) 血塗 to the hell of blood, where as animals they devour each other; (c) 刀塗 the asipattra hell of swords, where the leaves and grasses are sharp-edged swords. Cf. 三惡趣.
又作三途。即火塗、刀塗、血塗,義同三惡道之地獄、餓鬼、畜生,乃因身口意諸惡業所引生之處。(一)火塗,即地獄道,或以於彼處受苦之眾生常為鑊湯爐炭之熱所苦,或以彼處火聚甚多,故稱火塗。(二)刀塗,即餓鬼道,以於彼處之眾生常受刀杖驅逼等之苦,故稱刀塗。(三)血塗,即畜生道,以於彼處受苦之眾生,強者伏弱,互相吞噉,飲血食肉,故稱血塗。至若「塗」之義有二:一為殘害,如塗炭;一為所趣,即梵本無量壽經之阿波耶伽底(apaya-gati,意譯惡趣、惡道)。〔大明三藏法數卷十一、翻譯名義集卷七、釋氏要覽卷中〕(參閱「三惡趣」625)
血塗、刀塗、火塗。血塗是畜生道,因畜生常在被殺,或互相吞食之處;刀塗是餓鬼道,因餓鬼常在飢餓,或刀劍杖逼迫之處;火塗是地獄道,因地獄常在寒冰,或猛火燒煎之處。三塗即三惡道的別名。
(名數)四解脫經之說。塗者,途之義。一、火途,地獄趣猛火所燒之處。二、血途,畜生趣互相食之處。三、刀途,餓鬼趣以刀劍杖逼迫之處。輔行一曰:「四解脫經以三途名火血刀也。途道也,作此塗者誤。小獄通寒熱,大獄唯在熱,且從熱說故云火途。從相噉邊,故云血途。從被馳逼為名,故名刀途。」(四解脫經經目無之)。【又】直謂地獄餓鬼畜生三者,與三惡趣,三惡道同。玄應音義四曰:「三塗,又作途延二形同達胡切。言三塗者,俗書春秋有三塗危險之處,借此為名。塗猶道也,非謂塗炭之義,若依梵本則云阿波那伽低,此云惡趣。」
apāya, apāya-patha, preta-tiryag-naraka, vinipāta*
三塗 (sān tú) ( “the three (evil) states of existence (of sentient beings)” )
{《漢語大詞典》1.241a(百喩經)} ; {《大漢和辞典》1.167c.三途(摩訶止觀輔行)} ;
Dharmarakṣa: {99b2} 若族姓子欲至正覺,解無三塗、去、來、今者,當學、受持《正法花經》,分別空慧,無六度想(p)
{K.224.1-}
Kumārajīva: {not found at L.30b29}