The three great characteristics of the 眞如 in the 起信論 Awakening of Faith: (1) 體大 The greatness of the bhūtatathatā in its essence or substance; it is 衆生心之體性 the embodied nature of the mind of all the living, universal, immortal, immutable, eternal; (2) 相大 the greatness of its attributes or manifestations, perfect in wisdom and mercy, and every achievement; (3) 用大 the greatness of its functions and operations within and without, perfectly transforming all the living to good works and good karma now and hereafter. There are other groups, e.g. 體, 宗, and 用.
(一)眾生一心之本體、相狀、作用廣大無限,故稱體大、相大、用大。係大乘起信論所說。(一)體大,真如平等之法常恆不變,一切法不增不減,遍其體性。(二)相大,真如之相狀具足大智慧光明等無量功德。依如來藏之義,功德之相如恆沙無量,故稱相大。(三)用大,真如之作用能生一切世間、出世間善之因果。大乘起信論(大三二‧五七九上):「真如自體相者,一切凡夫、聲聞、緣覺、菩薩、諸佛無有增減,非前際生,非後際滅,畢竟常恆,從本已來,性自滿足一切功德。所謂自體有大智慧光明義故、遍照法界義故、自性清淨心義故、常樂我淨義故、清涼不變自在義故,具足如是過於恆沙不離、不斷、不異、不思議佛法,乃至滿足無有所少義故,名為如來藏,亦名如來法身。」此係起信論就真如緣起所說者。另於小乘教之六因四緣緣起、法相宗之阿賴耶識緣起、華嚴宗之法界緣起等,亦皆立有「三大」之說。〔大乘起信論疏卷上之上、大乘起信論義記卷上、大乘起信論別記〕
(二)密宗就宇宙法界之本體、相狀、作用之廣大無限,亦立三大之說。(一)體大,謂地、水、火、風、空、識等六大遍滿一切有情、非情。(二)相大,謂大曼荼羅、三昧耶曼荼羅、法曼荼羅、羯磨曼荼羅等四曼之相狀歷然。(三)用大,謂身、語、意等三密之作用於深祕中彼此相應。
三大 [py] sāndà [wg] san-ta [ko] 삼대 samdae [ja] サンダイ sandai ||| The three greatnesses of the innately enlightened mind of sentient beings, as originally taught in the Awakening of Faith 起信論. The first is the greatness of essence 體大, which refers to the basic quality of the mind being suchness. The second is the greatness of attributes 相大, which refers to the myriad virtues possessed by the tathāgatagarbha 如來藏. The third is the greatness of function 用大, which refers to the virtuous function seen in the actualization of the mind of enlightenment. The Awakening of Faith says: 云何爲三一者體大謂一切法眞如平等不增減故 二者相大謂如來藏具足無量性功徳故 三者用大能生一切世間出世間善因果故 〔起信論 T 1666.32.575c〕
體大、相大、用大。體大是一切眾生心的體性,真如平等,無生無滅,不增不減,畢竟常在;相大是一切眾生心的自性,具足大智大悲常樂我淨等一切功德;用大是一切眾生心的體性,具足一切的功德,內可自我觀照,薰陶妄心,外可顯現報化二身,教化眾生。此三大中之體大是真如的體性,相大是真如的德相,用大是真如的作用,大是周遍於一切法界的意思。
三大===﹝出起信論疏﹞
〔一、體大〕,謂真如之理,體性平等,無不容攝,故名體大。(體性平等者,謂凡聖染淨之法,皆依真如之體,其性無有高下也。)
〔二、相大〕,相即德相,謂真如體上,具足無量恒沙勝妙功德,一一功德,稱體顯露,故名相大。
〔三、用大〕,謂真如之體,能生一切世間、出世間善因、善果,故名用大。(世間,人、天也。出世間,聲聞、緣覺、菩薩、佛也。)
(名數)起信論以眾生心為大乘之法體,名之為大乘之義理,分為三種之大義與二種之乘義:一、體大,眾生心之體性,真如平等,無生無滅,無增無減,畢竟常恒也。二、相大,眾生心之自性,具足大智大悲常樂我淨等一切功德也。三、用大,眾生心之體性,具足一切功德,內潛源底而薰妄心,外現報化二身教化眾生,依此內外之二用,使人初修世間之善而得世間之善果,後修出世之善因而生出世之妙果也。即第一為真如之體性,第二為真如之德相,第三為真如之作用也。大者周遍法界之義。起信論曰:「一者體大,謂一切法真如平等不增減故。二者相大,謂如來藏具足無量性功德故。三者用大,能生一切出世間世間善因果故。」密教以地等六大為體,大等四種曼荼羅為相,身等三密為用。
(名數)起信論所說:一體大,二相大,三用大。別【參見: 三大】
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