乘為運載之意。運載眾生度生死海之法,有二種之別,故稱二乘。(一)指大乘與小乘。佛陀一代所說之教法可大別為大、小二乘。佛為聲聞、緣覺所說之法稱小乘,佛為菩薩所說成佛之法稱大乘。〔北本大般涅槃經卷十四聖行品、梁譯攝大乘論卷上〕
(二)聲聞乘與緣覺乘。即小乘法分為二種:(一)直接聽聞佛陀之教說,依四諦理而覺悟者,稱聲聞乘。(二)不必親聞佛陀之教說,係獨自觀察十二因緣之理而獲得覺悟者,稱緣覺乘。〔大寶積經卷二十八、北本大般涅槃經卷十二、華嚴五教章卷一〕
(三)一乘與三乘。出自華嚴五教章卷一。(一)法華以前說聲聞、緣覺、菩薩三乘證道有別,是為三乘。(二)法華會上,會三乘歸於一佛乘,是為一乘。
dviyāna. The two vehicles conveying to the final goal. There are several definitions: (1) Mahāyāna and Hīnayāna. (2) 聲聞 and 緣覺 or 聲覺二乘 . Śrāvaka and Pratyekabuddha. (3) 二乘作佛 The Lotus Sūtra teaches that śrāvakas and pratyekas also become Buddhas. (4) 三一二乘 The "two vehicles" of "three" and "one", the three being the pre-Lotus ideas of śrāvaka, pratyeka, and bodhsattva, the one being the doctrine of the Lotus Sūtra which combined all three in one.
二乘 The "two vehicles" of śrāvaka 聲聞 and pratyekabuddha 辟支佛. These two practitioners are regularly introduce in Mahāyāna literature where they are cast in a negative light as representatives of the so-called "hīnayāna" 小乘 tradition, where they are set up in contradistinction to the bodhisattva 菩薩.
聲聞乘和緣覺乘。凡屬修四諦法門而悟道的人,總稱為聲聞乘;凡屬修十二因緣而悟道的人,總稱為緣覺乘。以上二乘又分為愚法二乘和不愚法二乘兩種,愚法二乘是聲聞緣覺二小乘,迷執自法,而愚於大乘法空之妙理;不愚法二乘是與愚法二乘相反,他們善知理法,進入大乘的境界。
二乘===﹝出華嚴經疏﹞
〔一、臨門三車〕,臨門三車,喻小乘權教也。謂法華經譬喻品中,三乘之人,於火宅門外,索羊鹿牛三車,求出火宅,以喻三乘之人,依四諦、十二因緣、六度等法修行,得出生死,是名臨門三車。(三乘者,聲聞乘、緣覺乘、菩薩乘也。四諦者,苦諦、集諦、滅諦、道諦也。十二因緣者,一無明、二行、三識、四名色、五六入、六觸、七受、八愛、九取、十有、十一生、十二老死也。六度者,一布施、二持戒、三忍辱、四精進、五禪定、六智慧也。)
〔二、露地牛車〕,露地牛車,喻大乘實教也。謂法華經譬喻品中,諸子既出火宅,到於四衢道中,露地而坐,等賜大白牛車,同歸秘密理藏,是名露地牛車。
二乘===﹝出天台四教儀集註﹞
乘即運載之義。謂二乘之人,乘四諦、十二因緣之法,運出三界生死,至於涅槃,故名為乘。(四諦者,苦諦、集諦、滅諦、道諦也。十二因緣者,一無明、二行、三識、四名色、五六入、六觸、七受、八愛、九取、十有、十一生、十二老死也。梵語涅槃,華言滅度。)
〔一、聲聞乘〕,聞佛聲教,故曰聲聞,謂此人以四諦為乘,知苦、斷集、慕滅、修道,由觀四諦,出離生死,至于涅槃,故名聲聞乘。
〔二、緣覺乘〕,因觀十二因緣,覺悟真空之理,名曰緣覺。謂此人以十二因緣為乘,由觀因緣生滅,即悟非生非滅,出離生死,至於涅槃,故名緣覺乘。。
(術語)乘人使各到其果地之教法名為乘。有一乘乃至五乘之別,其中二乘有三種。