梵語 astau vijñānāni。瑜伽行派與法相宗五位法中之心法。即眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意、末那、阿賴耶,共八識。其中眼等六識隨所依根而立名;末那識即為意,依其自性而立名;阿賴耶識依攝持諸法因果之義,亦即從自性而立名。或稱眼等五識為前五識,意識為第六識,末那識為第七識,阿賴耶識為第八識。又眼至末那乃阿賴耶所生、轉易故,總稱為轉識或七轉識;對此,阿賴耶為七轉諸法之因,故稱根本識、種子識。又有分八識為三能變,阿賴耶識名為初能變,末那識為第二能變,前六識為第三能變。
若就其性而言,眼等之前六識以了別為其性,緣色等六境,通善等三性;末那識以恒審思量為其性,乃有覆無記性,唯緣阿賴耶識之見分為自之內我;阿賴耶識為無覆無記性,以微細之行相緣自所變之器界、種子及有根身。地論家以阿陀那(末那識)為妄識,阿賴耶為真識;攝論家則以阿賴耶為妄識,別立第九無垢淨識;唯識家則謂識僅限八種,且此諸識皆為依他起性,即非真常淨識。〔入楞伽經卷八剎那品、成唯識論卷七、大乘法苑義林章卷一末〕(參閱「識」6697)
八識===﹝出宗鏡錄﹞
〔一、眼識〕,謂眼以色為緣,而生眼識。眼識依根而生,眼根因識能見,而能見者,是名眼識。 〔二、耳識〕,謂耳以聲為緣,而生耳識。耳識依根而生,耳根因識能聽,而能聽者,是名耳識。 〔三、鼻識〕,謂鼻以香為緣,而生鼻識。鼻識依根而生,鼻根因識能嗅,而能嗅者,是名鼻識。 〔四、舌識〕,謂舌以味為緣,而生舌識。舌識依根而生,舌根因識能嘗,而能嘗者,是名舌識。 〔五、身識〕,謂身以觸為緣,而生身識。身識依根,而生身根,因識能覺,而能覺者,是名身識。 〔六、意識〕,謂意以法為緣,而生意識。意識依根,而生意根,因識而能分別,以能分別前五根所緣色等五塵境界,是名意識。(五根者,眼根、耳根、鼻根、舌根、身根也。五塵者,色塵、聲塵、香塵、味塵、觸塵也。) 〔七、末那識〕,梵語末那,華言意,亦名相續。識,又名分別識。此識本無定體,即第八識之染分,依第八識自證分而生,緣第八識見分,而執為我,為第六識之主執,轉第六識所緣善惡之境,而為染淨,皆由此識也。前第六識名意識,今此識亦名意者,謂第六識,依根而得名。此識當體而立,號第六識。雖能分別五塵好惡,而由此識傳送相續執取也。(依根者,根即意根也。當體者,即分別之體也。) 〔八、阿賴耶識〕,梵語阿賴耶,華言藏識。以其無法不含,無事不攝故也。此識染淨同源,生滅和合,而具有四分,如摩尼珠,體本清淨。又如明鏡,能含萬像。若以染分言之,無明依之而起,結業由之而生,具足煩惱塵勞,變現根身世界,即前七種識境皆是也。若以淨體言之,即本覺心源,離念清淨,在聖不增,在凡不減也。(四分者,一、相分,即形相。謂此識能變現根身世界及諸法名義、相狀,皆由第八識此分而生,如鏡中所現之影像也。二、見分。見,即照了之義。謂此識能照燭一切諸法,及解了諸法義理,如鏡中之明,能照萬像也。三、自證分。自證所具之法,謂此識能持見分、相分,親證無礙,如鏡之圓體,能持其明,能含眾像也。四、證自證分。證,即能證之體。自證,即所具之法,能持前自證分、見分、相分,皆不離此分,是第八識本體如鏡之背也。梵語摩尼,華言離垢。根身者,即眼等諸根也。)
The eight parijñāna, or kinds of cognition, perception, or consciousness. They are the five senses of caksur-vijñāna, śrotra-v., ghrāna-v., jihvā-v., and kāya-v., i.e. seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and touch. The sixth is mano-vijñāna, the mental sense, or intellect, v. 末那. It is defined as 意 mentality, apprehension, or by some as will. The seventh is styled kliṣṭa-mano-vijñāna 末那識 discriminated from the last as 思量 pondering, calculating; it is the discriminating and constructive sense, more than the intellectually perceptive; as infected by the ālaya-vijñāna., or receiving "seeds" from it, it is considered as the cause of all egoism and individualizing, i.e. of men and things, therefore of all illusion arising from assuming the seeming as the real. The eighth is the ālaya-vijñāna, 阿頼耶識 which is the storehouse, or basis from which come all "seeds"of consciousness. The seventh is also defined as the ādāna 阿陀那識 or "laying hold of" or "holding on to" consciousness.
眼識、耳識、鼻識、舌識、身識、意識、末那識、阿賴耶識。佛教的唯識學,把一心分八識。茲列表說明如下: ┌1眼識──眼根緣色塵┐ │2耳識──耳根緣聲塵│ │3鼻識──鼻根緣香塵├識(了別為義)──────────────┐ │4舌識──舌根緣味塵│ │ │5身識──身根緣觸塵│ │七 │6意識──意根緣法塵┘ ├轉八 │ ┌是第六意識所依之根──────────┐ │識識─┤7第七末那識─┤常隨四煩惱───我癡、我見、我愛、我慢├意(思量│ │ └向內執取阿賴耶為我,向外認識境界為實法┘ 為義)┘ │ ┌能藏 能含藏一切法的種子 │ ┌華譯藏識┤所藏 受第七識所薰習───┐ │ │ └執藏 受第七識所執取 ├心(集起 └8第八識阿賴耶─┤無覆無記 │為義)──根 └種子現行時,善惡分明,業報相續 ┘ 本 識
(名數)法相宗謂耳目鼻舌身意六識之外。更有末那識阿賴耶識二者,末那之義為我執。謂執持我之見者。即此識也。阿賴耶者。即末那識所執以為我者也。其義為藏。謂能藏一切法。世俗所云神識性靈,皆指此。【參見: 識】##【圖像: T0071.JPG 刪減】
aṣṭānāṃ cittānām.