即十種戒。大乘、小乘有各種十戒之說。(一)小乘沙彌、沙彌尼應受持之十戒。又作沙彌戒、沙彌尼戒,或勤策律儀、勤策女律儀。即:(一)不殺生,(二)不偷盜,(三)不淫欲,(四)不妄語,(五)不飲酒,(六)不香花嚴身,(七)不歌舞觀聽,(八)不坐臥高廣大床,(九)不非時食,(十)不蓄金銀財寶。
(二)大小乘共通之十善戒。(參閱「十善十惡」468)
(三)大乘梵網經等所說之十重戒。在大乘教團中構成被放逐之重罪有:(一)殺生,(二)偷盜,(三)姦淫,(四)妄語,(五)販酒,(六)說在家、出家之菩薩及比丘、比丘尼之罪過,(七)自讚毀他,(八)吝施,(九)不允他人謝罪,(十)譭謗佛法僧三寶等十種禁戒。此戒為天台宗圓頓戒所依用。
(四)菩薩護他之十戒。又作十種護持、防護十願。即:(一)禁戒,持四重禁。(二)清淨戒,護持僧殘。(三)善戒,持波逸提。上記三戒屬於律儀戒。(四)不缺戒,令發未來禪、根本禪等禪定,不缺漏事行、性行之戒律。屬於定共戒。(五)不析戒,相對析空觀之道共戒而顯體空觀之道共戒。(六)大乘戒,自利利他雙修。(七)不退戒,菩薩為度眾生,以善巧方便行種種非道,而不退失禁戒。(八)隨順戒,隨物之機宜,隨順道理之戒。(九)畢竟戒,究竟無上之大法。(十)具足成就波羅蜜戒,圓滿一切,法無不備。上記六戒屬於道共戒。〔南本涅槃經卷十一、大般涅槃經義記卷五(慧遠)、摩訶止觀卷四上〕
(五)菩薩所念之十戒。又作大論十戒。即:(一)不缺戒,受持四重禁等性戒而無缺損毀犯,常能守護,如愛明珠。若犯淨戒,如器缺損,不堪使用。(二)不破戒,持十三僧殘而無破損,若有毀犯,如器破裂,不耐使用,須速補治。(三)不穿戒,持波逸提等,若有毀犯,如器物穿漏,不能受道,然猶易補治。(四)不雜戒,護持定共戒,心住禪定,不起欲念。(五)隨道戒,聲聞初果之人,隨順諦理,能破見惑,無所分別。(六)無著戒,二乘人見真諦理,能成聖道,於諸思惑無所染著。(七)智所讚戒,菩薩於諸世界化導眾生,為智者之所讚歎。(八)自在戒,菩薩化他妙用,於諸世間而得自在無礙。(九)隨定戒,菩薩隨首楞嚴定,現諸威儀,利導眾生,雖威儀變現,而任運常靜。(十)具足戒,菩薩持中道第一義諦戒,用中道慧遍入諸法,無戒不備。〔摩訶止觀卷四上、菩薩戒義疏卷上〕
(六)菩薩所持之十戒。出自舊華嚴經卷十二菩薩十無盡藏品。即:(一)饒益戒,又作普饒益戒,即廣利益一切眾生。(二)不受戒,不受外道諸戒。(三)無著戒,又作不住戒,即不求於三界受生而住。(四)安住戒,又作無悔恨戒,即不作五無間罪,永不犯一切戒,心無悔恨。(五)不諍戒,又作無違諍戒,於佛制之禁戒,心常持護,而不違犯。(六)不惱害戒,不學邪幻咒術及造方藥惱害眾生。(七)不雜戒,又作無雜穢戒,即不著邊見,不持雜戒,一心專持出離生死之戒。(八)離邪命戒,又作無貪求戒,指菩薩不以貪求心現異相,彰己有德,但為滿足出離生死法而持戒。(九)離惡戒,又作無過失戒,即一心持戒,不自貢高。(十)清淨戒,又作無毀犯戒,即受持淨戒而無毀犯,永斷十惡,具足十善。〔華嚴經探玄記卷六、華嚴經疏卷二十四〕
(七)菩薩所持之十戒,即:(一)不捨菩提心戒,(二)遠離二乘地戒,(三)觀察利益一切眾生戒,(四)令一切眾生住佛法戒,(五)修一切菩薩所學戒,(六)於一切法無所得戒,(七)以一切善根迴向菩提戒,(八)不著一切如來身戒,(九)思惟一切法離取著戒,(十)諸根律儀戒等十種。〔新華嚴經卷五十三、華嚴經探玄記卷十七〕
(八)菩薩所持之十重戒。又作俱密之十重戒。出自無畏三藏禪要。即:(一)不應退菩提心,(二)不應捨三寶,(三)不毀三寶及三乘經典,(四)對甚深大乘經典不生疑惑,(五)令已發菩提心之眾生不趣二乘,(六)末發者亦如是說法令不發二乘心,(七)對小乘及邪見人不應輒說深妙大乘,(八)不發諸邪見等法,(九)於外道前不應自說我具無上菩提之妙戒,(十)於一切眾生有所損害及無利益者皆不應作、不教人作、不見作隨喜。〔大日經疏卷十七〕(參閱「十重禁戒」461)
十戒 [py] shíjiè [wg] shih-chieh [ko] 십계 sipkye [ja] ジッカイ jikkai ||| The ten precepts. (1) The ten kinds of good behavior, same as 十善業. (2) The ten basic precepts for bhikkhus and bhikkunīs in Theravāda and Nikāya Buddhism, the first five of which (五戒) are also observed by lay practitioners. they are: (1) not killing 不殺生; (2) not stealing 不偸盗; (3) no improper sexual behavior (such as adultery, etc.) 不邪婬; (4) 不妄語 no false speech; (5) 不飲酒 no consumption of alcohol; (6) not eating after noon 不非時食; (7) not watching dancing, singing and shows 不歌舞觀聽; (8) not adorning oneself with garlands, perfumes and ointments 不塗飾香鬘; (9) not using a high bed 不坐高廣大牀; and (10) not receiving gold and silver 不蓄金銀寶.
Śiksāpada. The ten prohibitions (in Pāli form) consist of five commandments for the layman: (1) not to destroy life 不殺生 pānātipātāveramani; (2) not to steal 不倫盜 adinnādānāver; (3) not to commit adultery 不婬慾 abrahmacaryaver.; (4) not to lie 不妄語musāvādāver.; (5) not to take intoxicating liquor 不飮酒 suramereyya-majjapamādatthānāver. Eight special commandments for laymen consist of the preceding five plus: (6) not to eat food out of regulated hours 不非時食 vikāla-bhojanāver.; (7) not to use garlands or perfumes 不著華鬘好香塗身 mālā- gandha-vilepana-dhārana-mandana-vibhūsanatthānā; (8) not to sleep on high or broad beds (chastity) 不坐高廣大牀 uccāsayanā-mahāsayanā. The ten commandments for the monk are the preceding eight plus: (9) not to take part in singing, dancing, musical or theatrical performances, not to see or listen to such 不歌舞倡伎不往觀聽 nacca-gīta-vādita-visūkadassanāver.; (10) to refrain from acquiring uncoined or coined gold, or silver, or jewels 不得捉錢金銀寶物 jātarūpa-rajata-paṭīggahaṇāver. Under the Māhayāna these ten commands for the monk were changed, to accord with the new environment of the monk, to the following: not to kill, not to steal, to avoid all unchastity, not to lie, not to slander, not to insult, not to chatter, not to covet, not to give way to anger, to harbour no scepticism.
不殺生、不偷盜、不淫、不妄語、不飲酒,不著華鬘好香塗身、不歌舞觀聽、不坐高廣大床上、不非時食、不捉錢金銀寶物。
(術語)小乘沙彌沙彌尼戒也。【參見: 戒】
謂一不殺、二不盜、三不婬、四不妄語、五不飲酒、六不坐高廣大床、七不著花鬘衣、八不觀聽歌舞、九手不捉金銀財寶、十不過中食。此十戒是初出家沙彌所持,是為出家十戒。(梵語沙彌,華言息慈。息世染之情,慈濟群生也。)
daśa-kuśala-karma-patha, śrāmaṇera-saṃvara.