四無所畏 The 'four forms of fearlessness' (catvāri-vaisaradyani). Four types of fearlessness, or utter conviction, in preaching the dharma. I. Those of a buddha are: (1) zhengdengjue wuwei 正等覺無畏, fearlessness in asserting that he has attained perfect enlightenment; (2) louyongjin wuwei 漏永盡無畏, fearlessness in asserting that he has destroyed all defilements; (3) shuozhangfa wuwei 説障法無畏, fearlessness in showing people those elements which hinder the realization of the Dharma, and (4) shuochudao wuwei 説出道無畏, fearlessness in expounding the method of liberation. II. Those of a bodhisattva are: (1) nengchi wuwei 能持無畏, fearlessness in expounding passages and phrases of the dharma which he has heard from the teacher and keeps in memory; (2) zhigenwuwei 知根無畏, fearlessness in expounding appropriate to people with a correct knowledge of their abilities; (3) jueyi Wuwei 決疑無畏, fearlessness in countering an opponent's attack on the Buddhist teaching, and clearing away his doubts, and (4) dabao wuwei 答報無畏, fearlessness in responding to the various questions asked of him.
梵語 catvāri vaiśāradyāni,巴利語 cattāri vesārajjāni。謂佛菩薩說法時具有四種無所懼畏之自信,而勇猛安穩。又作四無畏。
(一)佛之四無所畏(梵 catvāri tathāgatasya vaiśāradyāni),為十八不共法之一科。據增一阿含經卷十九、卷四十二等載,即:(一)諸法現等覺無畏(梵 sarva-dharmābhisajbodhi-vaiśāradya),又作一切智無所畏、正等覺無畏、等覺無畏。謂對於諸法皆覺知,住於正見無所屈伏,具無所怖畏之自信。(二)一切漏盡智無畏(梵 sarvāsrava-ksaya-jñāna-vaiśāradya),又作漏永盡無畏、漏盡無所畏、漏盡無畏。謂斷盡一切煩惱而無外難怖畏。(三)障法不虛決定授記無畏(梵 antarāyika-dharmānanyathātva-niścita-vyākarana-vaiśāradya),又作說障法無畏、說障道無所畏、障法無畏。謂闡示修行障礙之法,並對任何非難皆無所怖畏。(四)為證一切具足出道如性無畏(梵 sarva-sajpad-adhigamāya nairyānika-pratipat-tathātva-vaiśāradya),又作說出道無畏、說盡苦道無所畏、出苦道無畏。即宣說出離之道而無所怖畏。
有關四無畏之體性,依俱舍論卷二十七載:(一)正等覺無畏,以十智為性,與十力中之第一處非處智力同體。(二)漏永盡無畏,以十智中苦、集、道、他心等四智以外之六智為性,與十力中之第十漏盡智力同體。(三)說障法無畏,以道、滅等二智以外之八智為性,與十力中之第二業異熟智力同體。(四)說出道無畏,以滅智以外之九智為性,與十力中之第七趣行智力同體。
另據順正理論卷七十五載,四無所畏中,前二者顯示佛自利之圓德,一為智德,二為斷德;後二者顯示佛利他之圓德,一為修斷德,二為修智德。〔大智度論卷二、成實論卷一、雜阿毘曇心論卷六、瑜伽師地論卷五十、大乘義章卷十九、說無垢稱經疏卷二本〕
(二)菩薩之四無所畏(梵 bodhisattvānāj catvāri vaiśāradyāni)。據大智度論卷五、大乘義章卷十一等載,即:(一)聞陀羅尼受持演說其義得無所畏(梵 dhāranī-śrutodgrahanārtha-nirdeśa-vaiśāradya),又作能持無所畏、總持無所畏、總持不忘說法無畏、聞法不忘失故於眾中說法得無所畏、一切聞能持故得諸陀羅尼故常憶念不忘故眾中說法無所畏。謂菩薩能憶念教法,持之不忘,故於眾中說法時對所說之義理具有無所怖畏之自信。(二)由證無我惱亂他相現行俱生不通達威儀路三業清淨大守護成就無畏(梵 nairātmyādhigamātpara-vihethanā-nimitta-samudācāra-sahajānadhigateryāpatha-trikarma-pariśuddha-mahā-raksa-sajpanna-vaiśāradya),又作知根無所畏、盡知法藥及知眾生根欲性心說法無所畏、一切眾生諸根利鈍隨其所應而為說法故於眾中說法得無所畏、知一切眾生欲解脫因緣諸根利鈍隨其所應而為說法故菩薩在大眾中說法無所畏。謂了知眾生根性之利鈍,施與相應之說法,於此具有無所怖畏之自信。(三)常持法而不忘失畢竟通達慧方便救度有情見歡喜淨諸障難無畏(梵 sadodgrhīta-dharmāvismarana-prajñopāya-nisthāgata-sattva-nistārana-prasāda-sajdarśana-śubhānantarāyika-vaiśāradya),又作答報無所畏、善能問答說法無畏、答法無所畏、以言詞應答酬報其所問世無所畏、居一切眾生聽受問難應能隨意如法而答故於眾中諸法無所畏、不見若東方南西北方四維上下有來難問令我不能如法答者不見如是少許相故於眾中說法無所畏。謂對一切所問,能作如法便巧之答覆,更無所怖畏。(四)不忘失一切智心不於餘乘而求出離能得圓滿自在一切種利益有情無畏(梵 sarva-jñatā-cittāsajpramosānya-yānāniryāna-sajpūrna-vaśitā-sarva-prākāra-sattvārtha-sajprāpana-vaiśāradya),又作決疑無所畏、能斷物疑說法無畏、決一切不退無上心不雜於他乘度諸有情遂得真實無畏、一切眾生聽受問難隨意如法答能巧斷一切眾生疑故菩薩在大眾中說法無所畏。謂聽受有情之問難,能如法為彼等分別解說,以開解物心及斷除疑網,說法教導而無所怖畏。〔大乘寶雨經卷四、除蓋障菩薩所問經卷七、大智度論卷二十五〕
四無所畏===﹝出大智度論﹞
此四通言無畏者,由佛十力之智內充,明了決定,故於大眾中凡有所說,則無恐懼之相,故名無所畏。(十力者,知是處非處智力、知過去現在未來業報智力、知諸禪解脫三昧智力、知諸根勝劣智力、知種種解智力、知種種界智力、知一切至處道智力、知天眼無礙智力、知宿命無漏智力、知永斷習氣智力也。)
〔一、一切智無所畏〕,一切智者,於世間、出世間一切諸法盡知盡見也。無所畏者,如佛言,我是一切正智人,故得安隱,得無所畏;在大眾中作師子吼,能轉法輪;諸沙門、婆羅門、若天魔梵、若復餘眾,實不能轉。是一切智無所畏。(梵語沙門,華言勤息,謂勤行眾善,止息諸惡也。梵語婆羅門,華言淨行。天魔梵者,天魔即他化自在天,梵即梵天魔。)
〔二、漏盡無所畏〕,漏盡者,惑業生死俱盡也。無所畏者,如佛言,我一切漏盡,故得安隱,得無所畏;在大眾中作師子吼,能轉法輪;諸沙門、婆羅門、若天魔梵、若復餘眾,實不能轉,是為漏盡無所畏。
〔三、說障道無所畏〕,說障道者,說彼魔、外障蔽聖道之法也。無所畏者,如佛言,我說障法,故得安隱,得無所畏,在大眾中,作師子吼,能轉法輪;諸沙門、婆羅門、若天魔梵、若復餘眾,實不能轉,是為說障道無所畏。
〔四、說盡苦道無所畏〕,說盡苦道者,說能盡諸苦之道法也。無所畏者,如佛言,我所說聖道,能出世間,能盡諸苦,故得安隱,得無所畏,在大眾中作師子吼,能轉法輪;諸沙門、婆羅門、若天魔梵、若復餘眾,實不能轉,是為說盡苦道無所畏。
四無所畏===﹝出大智度論
無所畏有二種:一、佛無所畏,二、菩薩無所畏。今此四無所畏,皆言菩薩也。蓋菩薩具諸智慧,明了決定,而於眾中說法,則無恐畏之相,故名無所畏。(菩薩,梵語具云菩提薩埵,華言覺有情。)
〔一、能持無所畏〕,能持者,謂菩薩聞一切法,常能受持,憶念不忘,故於眾中說法得無所畏也。
〔二、知根無所畏〕,知根者,謂菩薩知一切眾生諸根利鈍,隨其所應而為說法,故於眾中說法得無所畏也。
〔三、決疑無所畏〕,決疑者,決剖一切眾生之疑難也。謂凡有一切來難問者,菩薩悉能如法剖決而答,故於眾中說法得無所畏也。
〔四、答報無所畏〕,答報者,以言辭應答酬報其所問也。謂凡一切眾生聽受問難,菩薩悉能隨意如法而答,故於眾中說法得無所畏也。
瑜伽五十卷十頁云:如來所有四無畏文,如契經說,應知其相。謂諸如來,於其四處,在大眾中,而自稱歎。謂所知障,永解脫故;於一切種一切法中,現等正覺;不共聲聞。是第一處。諸煩惱障、永解脫故;證得永盡;共諸聲聞。是第二處。為求解脫諸有情類,超過眾苦,說出離道。是第三處。即於能出道得為礙,說諸障法,應當遠離。是第四處。如來既於如是四處,如其實義,自稱歎已;次後他於自所稱歎前之二處,所有相違身語意業,而興謗難。復於後二自稱歎處,所有相違前後乖反墮非理相而興謗難。謂於世間有眼見者,無眼見者,有他心智者,無他心智者,如來於此自稱歎處能為對治諸謗難中,都不見有如實因相。由是因緣,於此四處,能自了知;坦然無畏,心無怯劣,無所疑慮,都無驚懼。又佛大師,唯有爾所正應稱歎。謂自利行,及利他行,俱善圓滿。當知此中,前二稱歎,自利行滿;後二稱歎,利他行滿。此中如來,若自稱歎於一切法現等覺故成正等覺;當知正為等趣大乘諸菩薩故。若自稱歎一切漏盡,當知正為等趣聲聞及獨覺乘諸有情故。若復稱歎能出離道,及諸障法;當知俱為等趣諸乘諸有情故。如是如來所說經句,謂我為諸菩薩聲聞,說出離道;乃至廣說。諸結集者,於所結集聲聞藏中,除菩薩言。於所結集菩薩藏中,但唯誦此菩薩之言。
四無所畏(佛四無所畏,菩薩四無所畏)— Four Fearlessness 四無所畏(佛四無所畏,菩薩四無所畏) There are four kinds of fearlessness, of which there are two groups: A.Buddha's fearlessness arises from(佛四無所畏) 1. his omniscience正等覺無所畏 2. perfection of character漏永盡無所畏 3. overcoming opposition說障法無所畏 4.ending of suffering說出道無所畏 B.Bodhisattva's fearlessness arises from(菩薩四無所畏) 1. powers of memory能持無所畏 2. power of moral diagnosis and application of the remedy知根無所畏 3. power of ratiocination決疑無所畏 4.power of solving doubts答報無所畏
四無所畏===(名數)與四無畏同。
四無所畏 (sì wú suǒ wèi) ( “the four kinds of fearlessness” )
{not found at 《漢語大詞典》3.592.} ; {not found at 《大漢和辞典》3.43.} ;
Dharmarakṣa: {105b22} 今吾具足六度無極、大慈、大悲,成四等心、…………、十種力、四無所畏、四事不護、十八不共,威神尊重,度脱十方,皆由調達恩徳之力(p)
{K.259.5} catur~ vaiśāradya~
Kumārajīva: {L.34c28} 四無所畏