由旬 [py] yóuxún [wg] yu-hsün [ko] 유순 yusun [ja] ユジュン yujun ||| A transliteration of the Sanskrit yojana, an Indian measure of distance. Depending upon the source, either seven or nine miles, the distance appropriate for one day's travel for an emperor. According to A.L. Basham, in his The Wonder that was India:
"The commonest table [of measurements], omitting microscopic measurements was:
8 yava (barleycorns) = 1 angula (finger's breadth, 3/4 of an inch)
12 angulas = 1 vitasti (span, 9 inches)
2 vitastis = 1 hasta or aratni (cubit, 18 inches)
4 hastas = 1 da.n.da (rod) or dhanus (bow, 6 feet)
2,000 dhanus = 1 kro'sa (cry) or goruta (cow-call, 2 1/4 miles)
4 kro'sas = 1 yojana (stage, 9 miles approximately)
"Though most sources give the krośa (in modern Indian languages kos) as of 2,000 daṇḍas the Arthaśāstra gives it as only 1,000, the yojana, which was the commonest measure of long distances in ancient India, being thus of only 4 1/2 miles. It is therefore clear that there were at least two yojanas, and distances as given in texts are thus very unreliable. It would seem that for practical purposes the shorter yojana was more often used than the longer, especially in earlier times." [from an e-mail post on Buddha-L by Joseph Crea]
梵語 yojana 之音譯,巴利語同。意譯合、和合、應、限量、一程、驛等。又作踰闍那、 踰繕那、瑜膳那、俞旬、由延。為印度計算里程之單位。蓋梵語 yojana 乃「附軛」之義,由語根 yuj 而來的名詞;即指公牛掛軛行走一日之旅程。另據大唐西域記卷二載,一由旬指帝王一日行軍之路程。
有關由旬之計數有各種不同說法:(一)就由旬換算拘盧舍而言:印度之國俗係採取四拘盧舍為一由旬。於佛典中,亦有以四拘盧舍為一由旬者,如方廣大莊嚴經卷四現藝品、摩登迦經卷下明時分別品等為其例;然佛典大多以八拘盧舍為一由旬,如有部毘奈耶卷二十一、大毘婆沙論卷一三六、俱舍論卷十二等所載皆是。(二)若配合我國之里數亦有異說:據大唐西域記卷二載,舊傳之一由旬可換算為四十里,印度之國俗為三十里,佛教為十六里;慧苑音義卷下載為十六或十七餘里。另據義淨之有部百一羯磨卷三之夾注載,印度之國俗為三十二里,佛教為十二里。
此外,近代學者富烈特(J. Flect)與弗斯特(Major Vost)二人,分別基於印度之一肘(梵 hasta)為半碼或少於半碼來換算為英哩,故若依富烈特之說,並換算為公里,則舊傳之一由旬為十九點五公里,印度之國俗為十四點六公里,佛教為七點三公里;若依弗斯特之說,則舊傳為二十二點八公里,印度國俗為十七公里,佛教為八點五公里。〔摩訶僧祇律卷九、翻梵語卷十、注維摩詰經卷六、玄應音義卷二、卷三、慧琳音義卷一、卷二十七、J. Flect: Yojana andli (J.R.A.S. 1906)〕
印度計里程的數目,每由旬有三十里、四十里、五十里、六十里的四種說法,但說四十里為一由旬者居多。
為音譯,另譯作「由延」,古印度的長度單位,現代有七、十一、十四、十九公里之不同考定。
yojana.
===(雜語)Yojana,又作俞旬,揄旬,由延,或踰闍那。新稱踰繕那。為計里程之數目。帝王一日行軍之里程也。或云四十里,或云三十里。西域記二曰:「夫數量之稱,謂踰繕那,舊曰由旬,又曰踰闍那,又曰由延,皆訛略也。踰繕那者,自古聖王一日軍行也。舊傳一踰繕那四十里矣,印度國俗乃三十里。聖教所載惟十六里,窮微之數,分一踰繕那為八拘盧舍。拘盧舍者,謂大牛鳴聲所極聞稱拘盧舍,分一拘盧舍為五百弓,分一弓為四肘,分一肘為二十四指,分一指節為七宿麥。」玄應音義二曰:「俞旬,又作由旬,或作由延,又作踰闍那,皆訛也。此言踰繕那,此譯云:合也,應也。計合應爾許度量,同此方驛邏也。」有部百一羯磨三曰:「言踰繕那者,既無正翻義,當東夏一驛可三十餘里,舊云由旬者訛略。若准西國俗法,四俱盧舍為一踰繕那,計一俱盧舍可有八里,即是當其三十二里。若准內教,八俱盧舍為一踰繕那,一俱盧舍有五百弓,弓有一步數,准其步數纔一里半餘,將八倍之當十二里,此乃不充一驛。親驗當今西方踰繕那可有一驛,故今皆作一驛翻之,遮無遠滯。」註維摩經六:「肇曰:由旬天竺里數名也。上由旬六十里,中由旬五十里,下由旬四十里也。」一指節者,橫大母指而取其厚量也。又一肘者,自肘之本端至中指之末也。惠運之俱舍記曰:「一肘者,自肘本端至中指末也,一尺八寸。」智證之雜記曰:「橫大母指而取其厚,以為一指也。」俱舍論十二曰:「贍部洲人身,多長十三肘半,於中少分有長四肘。」積算此指節之量可知由旬之度。