色 (rūpa): 'form.' That which changes and decays, has the quality of shape and mutual obstruction. The Sanskrit root of the word rūpa, rup, is a verb which means to have form, therefore the primary meaning of 'something which has form.' It is understood as something created by forming (Skt. rūpyata iti rūpam). It also has the meaning of the verbal root ru, meaning decay, or break down, and therefore, something which decays or breaks down, or changes. It is a word which refers to a material object which has shape, is formed or created, and changes. It is understood with the meaning of zhiai 質礙 "materially obstructing," and bianhuai 變壞, "changing and decaying," both of which are the nature of all that possesses form.
rūpa, outward appearance, form, colour, matter, thing; the desirable, especially feminine attraction. It is defined as that which has resistance; or which changes and disappears, i. e. the phenomenal; also as 顯, 形 and 表色 colour and quality, form or the measurable, and mode or action. There are divisions of two, i. e. inner and outer, as the organs and objects of sense; also colour and form; of three, i. e. the visible object, e. g. colour, the invisible object, e. g. sound, the invisible and immaterial; of eleven, i. e. the five organs and five objects of sense and the immaterial object; of fourteen, the five organs and five objects of sense and the four elements, earth, water, fire, air. rūpa is one of the six bāhya-āyatana, the 六塵; also one of the five skandhas, 五蘊, i. e. the 色身. Keith refers to rūpa as 'material form or matter which is underived (no-utpādā) and which is derived (utpādā)', the underived or independent being the tangible; the derived or dependent being the senses, e. g. of hearing; most of their objects, e. g. sound; the qualities or faculties of feminity, masculinity, vitality; intimation by act and speech, space; qualities of matter, e. g. buoyancy and physical nutriment.
梵語 rūpa,巴利語同。rūpa 係自 rūp(造形)之動詞語根變化而來,故含有「有形狀」之意。又謂 rūpa 是由 rū(壞)之動詞語根轉變而來,有變壞、變化之意。廣義之色,為物質存在之總稱。狹義之色,專指眼根所取之境。玆就廣狹二義分述之:
(一)色為物質存在之總稱。即五蘊中之色蘊,五位中之色法(與心法相對)。乃質礙(佔有一定空間),且會變壞者。經論中對於色有諸種分法,據俱舍論卷一載,色包含五根(眼耳鼻舌身)、五境(色聲香味觸)、無表色等十一種。唯識宗分色為五根、五境、法處所攝色等十一種。其中,法處所攝色是意識之對境,包括極略色、極迥色、受所引色、遍計所起色、自在所生色等。
於此諸色法中,又可依其一一法之性而歸納成下列數種分類:(一)內色(五根)與外色(五境)。(二)細色(無表色,或指色界之色)與粗色(由極微所成之色,或指欲界之色)。(三)定果色(由定所生之色)與業果色(由業所造之色)。(四)可見有對色(指狹義之色,即色境)、不可見有對色(指聲、香、味、觸、五根)與不可見無對色(指無表色)等三種。〔雜阿含經卷一、卷十三、北本大般涅槃經卷三十九、俱舍論卷二、大乘阿毘達磨雜集論卷一〕(參閱「五根」1137、「五境」1171、「色蘊」2549、「法處所攝色」3389)
(二)眼根所取之境。對於聲、香等而言,色乃專指眼根所識別之對象,如青、黃等質礙之境。五境之一,六境之一,十二處之一,十八界之一。又作色境、色處、色界。據瑜伽師地論卷一載,色大別有三種:(一)形色,長、短、方、圓、高、下、正、不正等八種。(二)顯色,青、黃、赤、白、雲、煙、塵、霧、影、光、明、闇等十二種。(三)表色,凡吾人行、住、坐、臥、取、捨、屈、伸等,種種動作形態,顯然可表示於外,而令人目見者。蓋此皆於五根、五境等色蘊中,特指眼根所取之境,故稱為色。〔識身足論卷十一、大毘婆沙論卷十三、卷七十五、順正理論卷一、阿毘達磨藏顯宗論卷二、俱舍論光記卷一、成唯識論述記卷二本、有宗七十五法記卷一〕(參閱「表色」3513、「形色」3788、「顯色」6922)
指一切有形象和佔有空間的物質。色可分為內色、外色、顯色、表色、形色五種。內色是指眼耳鼻舌身之五根,因屬於內身,故名內色;外色是指色聲香味觸之五境,因屬於外境,故名外色;顯色是指我們常見的各種顏色,如青黃赤白等等;表色是指有情眾生色身的各種動作,如取捨伸屈等等之表相;形色是指物體的形狀,如長短方圓等等。
色===瑜伽三卷十五頁云:數可示現,在其方所,質量可增;故名為色。
二解 顯揚一卷十二頁云:色、謂眼所行境,眼識所緣,四大所造,若顯色,若形色,若表色,為體。色蘊所攝;有見有對。此復三種。謂妙,不妙,及俱相違。彼復云何?謂青、黃、赤、白,如是等顯色。長、短、方、圓、麤、細、高、下、正、及不正、煙、雲、塵、霧、光、影、明、闇、若空一顯色,若彼影像之色。是名為色。
三解 雜集論一卷七頁云:色者:四大種所造,眼根所行義。謂青黃赤白,長短方圓麤細高下若正不正,光影明闇雲煙塵霧,迥色,表色,空一顯色。此復三種。謂妙,不妙,俱相違色。此青等二十五色建立由六種因。謂相故,安立故,損益故,作所依故,莊嚴故,作相故。如其次第,四、十、八、一、一、一。迥色者:謂離餘礙觸,方所可得。空一顯色者:謂上所見青等顯色。
四解 五蘊論一頁云:云何為色?謂眼境界;顯色,形色,及表色等。
五解 廣五蘊論二頁云:云何色?謂眼之境;顯色,形色,及表色等。顯色有四種。謂青黃赤白。形色,謂長短等。
六解 俱舍論一卷十頁云:何故此蘊,無表為後,說為色耶?由變壞故。如世尊說:苾芻當知,由變壞故,名色取蘊。誰能變壞?謂手觸故,即便變壞。乃至廣說。變壞,即是可惱壞義。故義品中,作如是說。趣求諸欲人,常起於希望。諸欲若不遂;惱壞如箭中。復云何欲所惱壞?欲所擾惱,變壞生故。有說:變礙故名為色。若爾;極微應不名色?無變礙故。此難不然。無一極微,各處而住,眾微聚集,變礙義成。過去未來,應不名色?此亦曾當有變礙故。及彼類故。如所燒薪。諸無表色,應不名色?有釋:表色有變礙故;無表隨彼,亦受色名。譬如樹動,影亦隨動。此釋不然。無變礙故。又表滅時,無表應滅。如樹滅時,影必隨滅。有釋:所依大種變礙,故無表業,亦得色名。若爾;所依有變礙故;眼識等五,應亦名色。此難不齊。無表依止大種轉時,如影依樹,光依珠寶。眼等五識依眼等時,則不如是。唯能為作助生緣故。此影依樹,光依寶言,且非符順毗婆沙義。彼宗影等顯色極微,各自依止四大種故。設許影、光、依止樹寶;而無表色,不同彼依。彼許所依大種雖滅;而無表色,不隨滅故。是故所言,未為釋難。復有別釋:彼所難言,眼識等五,所依不定。或有變礙。謂眼等根。或無變礙。謂無間意。無表所依,則不如是。故前所難,定為不齊。變礙名色,理得成就。
七解 五事毗婆沙論上三頁云:問:依何義故說之為色?答:漸次積集,漸次散壞種植生長;會遇怨親,能壞能成;皆是色義。佛說變壞故名為色。變壞即是可惱壞義。有說變礙故名為色。問:過去,未來,極微,無表,皆無變礙;應不名色?答:彼亦是色。得色相故。過去諸色,雖無變礙;而曾變礙。故立色名。未來諸色,雖無變礙;而當變礙。故立色名。如過去眼,雖不能見;而曾當見。故立眼名。得彼相故。此亦應爾。一一極微,雖無變礙;而可積集;變礙義成。諸無表色。雖無變礙;隨所依故;得變礙名。所依者何?謂四大種。由彼變礙,無表名色。如樹動時,影亦隨動。或隨多分。如名段食。或表內心,故名為色。或表先業,故立色名。
八解 此色處色。品類足論一卷二頁云:色云何?謂諸所有色,若好顯色,若惡顯色,若二中間似顯處色。如是諸色,二識所識。謂眼識,及意識。此中一類,眼識先識。眼識受已;意識隨識。
九解 此色蘊色,品類足論一卷一頁云:色云何?謂諸所有色,一切四大種,及四大種所造色,四大種者:謂地界水界火界風界。所造色者:謂眼根耳根鼻根舌根身根,色聲香味所觸一分,及無表色。
十解 入阿毗達磨論上一頁云:色有二種,謂大種及所造色,大種有四,謂地水火風界。能持自共相,或諸所造色;故名為界。此四大種,如其次第,以堅濕煖動為自性。以持攝熟長為業。大而是種,故名大種。由此虛空,非大種攝。能生自果,是種義故。遍所造色,故名為大。如是大種惟有四者;更無用故。無堪能故。如床座足。所造色有十一種。一、眼,二、耳,三、鼻,四、舌,五、身,六、色,七、聲,八、香,九、味,十、觸一分,十一、無表色。於大種有,故名所造。即是依止大種起義。此中眼者:謂眼識所依,以見色為用,淨色為體。耳鼻舌身,準此應說。色有二種。謂顯及形。如世尊說:惡顯惡形。此中顯色,有十二種。謂青黃赤白,雲煙塵霧,影光明闇。形色有八種。謂長短方圓高下正不正。此中霧者:謂地水氣。日燄名光。月星火藥寶珠電等諸燄名明。障光明生,於中餘色可見;名影。翻此名闇。方、謂界方。圓謂團圓。形平等名正。形不平等名不正,餘色易了,故今不釋。此二十種,皆是眼識及所引意識所了別境。
謂眼根所見青黃赤白等色也。
Matter 色 Or Form or Thing. The Sanskrit word is Rūpa. It is defined as that which has resistence, or which changes and disappear, i.e., the phenomenal. There are inner and outer forms representing the organs and objects of sense respectively. Rūpa is one of the Six Bāhya-āyatana or Six Gunas and also one of the Five Skandhas.
Rūpa 色 【參照: Matter】or【參照: Five Skandhas】
rūpa, rūpin, varṇa; agha, kāya, citra, draṣṭavya, dhana, nibha, parṇa, bimba, bhūtika, bhautika, raṅga, raṅgika, rūpa-gata, rūpa-ja, rūpaṇa, rūpa-dhātu, rūpa-saṃjñaka, rūpātmaka, rūpāpta, rūpāyatana, rūpārtha, rūpiṇaḥ…dharmāḥ, vartī.
【梵】rūpam
【滿】dursun
【蒙】dürsü
【漢】色